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c6 c7  (RayBiotech inc)


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    Structured Review

    RayBiotech inc c6 c7
    C6 C7, supplied by RayBiotech inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/human+array/Human+Cytokine+Array+C1000/pmc13676027-129-19-20
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    c6 c7 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-11
    95/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    FACS:

    Article Title: Circulating Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy Are Altered in Their Frequency and Exhibit Impaired Functions and Angiogenic Activities
    Article Snippet: .. Soluble factors in CM of FACS‐sorted circulating NKs were characterized using RayBio C‐Series Human Cytokine Antibody Array C1000 series, C6‐C7 (RayBiotech Inc., Norcross, GA) as in [ ]. .. Chemiluminescent signals were captured using the Alliance Q9 (Uvitec) and quantified using ImageJ software and the DotBlot Analyzer plug‐in.

    Ab Array:

    Article Title: Circulating Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy Are Altered in Their Frequency and Exhibit Impaired Functions and Angiogenic Activities
    Article Snippet: .. Soluble factors in CM of FACS‐sorted circulating NKs were characterized using RayBio C‐Series Human Cytokine Antibody Array C1000 series, C6‐C7 (RayBiotech Inc., Norcross, GA) as in [ ]. .. Chemiluminescent signals were captured using the Alliance Q9 (Uvitec) and quantified using ImageJ software and the DotBlot Analyzer plug‐in.

    Article Title: IL ‐8 From Explant‐Cultured Human Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Upregulates CXCR2 Transcript Expression, Promoting CXCR2 ‐Dependent Insulin Resistance and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Human HepG2 Hepatocytes
    Article Snippet: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been demonstrated to be strongly associated with obesity, in which adipose tissue distribution plays a critical role.. Different adipose tissue depots, particularly subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), exert distinct effects on insulin resistance by influencing hepatocyte insulin signaling and glucose metabolism.. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying these depotspecific effects remain incompletely understood.

    Article Title: Human trilayer engineered blood vessel reveals influence of fibroblasts on disease progression in model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria.
    Article Snippet: .. The Human MMP Array GS1 (RayBiotech) and Human Cytokine Array GS4000 (RayBiotech) were used to measure 200+ cytokines in the medium collected from the TEBV system reservoir. ..

    Isolation:

    Article Title: Tumor-antigen-specific polyclonal antibodies suppress tumor growth and metastasis in heterogeneous solid tumors
    Article Snippet: SLC3A2-specific or SLC3A2 depleted fractions were isolated from the XON7 polyclonal antibody by Rapid Novor (Kitchener, Canada). .. CKAP4- and Annexin A2 depleted fractions were isolated from the XON7 polyclonal antibody using biotinylated recombinant human CKAP4 (Kactus Bio, CAP-HE1P4B) or biotinylated recombinant human Annexin A2 (RayBiotech) immobilized on streptavidin magnetic beads (Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin C1, Thermo Fisher). ..

    Recombinant:

    Article Title: Tumor-antigen-specific polyclonal antibodies suppress tumor growth and metastasis in heterogeneous solid tumors
    Article Snippet: SLC3A2-specific or SLC3A2 depleted fractions were isolated from the XON7 polyclonal antibody by Rapid Novor (Kitchener, Canada). .. CKAP4- and Annexin A2 depleted fractions were isolated from the XON7 polyclonal antibody using biotinylated recombinant human CKAP4 (Kactus Bio, CAP-HE1P4B) or biotinylated recombinant human Annexin A2 (RayBiotech) immobilized on streptavidin magnetic beads (Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin C1, Thermo Fisher). ..

    Magnetic Beads:

    Article Title: Tumor-antigen-specific polyclonal antibodies suppress tumor growth and metastasis in heterogeneous solid tumors
    Article Snippet: SLC3A2-specific or SLC3A2 depleted fractions were isolated from the XON7 polyclonal antibody by Rapid Novor (Kitchener, Canada). .. CKAP4- and Annexin A2 depleted fractions were isolated from the XON7 polyclonal antibody using biotinylated recombinant human CKAP4 (Kactus Bio, CAP-HE1P4B) or biotinylated recombinant human Annexin A2 (RayBiotech) immobilized on streptavidin magnetic beads (Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin C1, Thermo Fisher). ..

    Phospho-proteomics:

    Article Title: Dopamine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction activates cGAS-sTING to drive IL-6 secretion in macrophages.
    Article Snippet: Phosphorylated and total protein expression levels were quantified using Image Studio Lite software (LI-COR Biosciences) and normalized to total protein expression or total protein stain levels, as appropriate. .. Phosphorylation of the JAK/STAT pathway was assessed using the RayBiotech RayBio C-Series Human JAK/STAT Pathway Phosphorylation Array C1. ..

    Membrane:

    Article Title: Tumor specific cytokine pattern explored in renal cell carcinoma.
    Article Snippet: .. Sandwich-based membrane antibody arrays (AAH-CYT-2000; RayBio Human Cytokine Antibody Arrays C6, C7, and C8; RayBiotech Life, Inc., Peachtree Corners, GA, USA) were used to semi-quantitatively measure the expression levels of 174 human cytokines. .. Normal, para-cancerous, and tumor tissues from RCC patients were homogenized in RayBio Lysis Buffer (AA-LYS, RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (AA-PI, RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA).

    Expressing:

    Article Title: Tumor specific cytokine pattern explored in renal cell carcinoma.
    Article Snippet: .. Sandwich-based membrane antibody arrays (AAH-CYT-2000; RayBio Human Cytokine Antibody Arrays C6, C7, and C8; RayBiotech Life, Inc., Peachtree Corners, GA, USA) were used to semi-quantitatively measure the expression levels of 174 human cytokines. .. Normal, para-cancerous, and tumor tissues from RCC patients were homogenized in RayBio Lysis Buffer (AA-LYS, RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (AA-PI, RayBiotech, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA).



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    Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as <LLOQ. (I) Quantification of collagen type II fragments released into the culture medium at day 21, measured by ELISA ( n = 3 independent samples per group). All fluorescence images include a 100 µm scale bar, and white dashed lines indicate microchannel boundaries. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc comparison (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant). Conditions include control (no <t>cytokine)</t> and IL‑1β stimulation (1 and 10 ng/ml). Note: Panels are adapted from da Silva et al. , licensed under CC BY 3.0.
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    Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as <LLOQ. (I) Quantification of collagen type II fragments released into the culture medium at day 21, measured by ELISA ( n = 3 independent samples per group). All fluorescence images include a 100 µm scale bar, and white dashed lines indicate microchannel boundaries. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc comparison (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant). Conditions include control (no <t>cytokine)</t> and IL‑1β stimulation (1 and 10 ng/ml). Note: Panels are adapted from da Silva et al. , licensed under CC BY 3.0.
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    RayBiotech inc c6 c7
    Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as <LLOQ. (I) Quantification of collagen type II fragments released into the culture medium at day 21, measured by ELISA ( n = 3 independent samples per group). All fluorescence images include a 100 µm scale bar, and white dashed lines indicate microchannel boundaries. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc comparison (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant). Conditions include control (no <t>cytokine)</t> and IL‑1β stimulation (1 and 10 ng/ml). Note: Panels are adapted from da Silva et al. , licensed under CC BY 3.0.
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    Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as <LLOQ. (I) Quantification of collagen type II fragments released into the culture medium at day 21, measured by ELISA ( n = 3 independent samples per group). All fluorescence images include a 100 µm scale bar, and white dashed lines indicate microchannel boundaries. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc comparison (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant). Conditions include control (no <t>cytokine)</t> and IL‑1β stimulation (1 and 10 ng/ml). Note: Panels are adapted from da Silva et al. , licensed under CC BY 3.0.
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    Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as <LLOQ. (I) Quantification of collagen type II fragments released into the culture medium at day 21, measured by ELISA ( n = 3 independent samples per group). All fluorescence images include a 100 µm scale bar, and white dashed lines indicate microchannel boundaries. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc comparison (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant). Conditions include control (no <t>cytokine)</t> and IL‑1β stimulation (1 and 10 ng/ml). Note: Panels are adapted from da Silva et al. , licensed under CC BY 3.0.
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    Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as <LLOQ. (I) Quantification of collagen type II fragments released into the culture medium at day 21, measured by ELISA ( n = 3 independent samples per group). All fluorescence images include a 100 µm scale bar, and white dashed lines indicate microchannel boundaries. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc comparison (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant). Conditions include control (no <t>cytokine)</t> and IL‑1β stimulation (1 and 10 ng/ml). Note: Panels are adapted from da Silva et al. , licensed under CC BY 3.0.
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    RayBiotech inc human cytokine array gs4000
    Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as <LLOQ. (I) Quantification of collagen type II fragments released into the culture medium at day 21, measured by ELISA ( n = 3 independent samples per group). All fluorescence images include a 100 µm scale bar, and white dashed lines indicate microchannel boundaries. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc comparison (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant). Conditions include control (no <t>cytokine)</t> and IL‑1β stimulation (1 and 10 ng/ml). Note: Panels are adapted from da Silva et al. , licensed under CC BY 3.0.
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    Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as <LLOQ. (I) Quantification of collagen type II fragments released into the culture medium at day 21, measured by ELISA ( n = 3 independent samples per group). All fluorescence images include a 100 µm scale bar, and white dashed lines indicate microchannel boundaries. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc comparison (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant). Conditions include control (no cytokine) and IL‑1β stimulation (1 and 10 ng/ml). Note: Panels are adapted from da Silva et al. , licensed under CC BY 3.0.

    Journal: Current Protocols

    Article Title: A Gravity‐driven Microfluidic Platform for High‐throughput Culture and Inflammatory Stimulation of Human Articular Chondrocytes

    doi: 10.1002/cpz1.70489

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Expected cellular responses of human articular chondrocytes under dynamic culture and IL‑1β‐induced inflammatory conditions. Representative results illustrate chondrocyte morphology, viability, extracellular matrix (ECM) expression, metabolic activity, and inflammatory responses under gravity‐driven flow conditions. (A) Representative z‐projection fluorescence images of chondrocytes cultured for 21 days in microchannels coated with a fibronectin–collagen type IV mixture. Cells form aggregates and microtissue‐like structures across regions I–III corresponding to increasing fluid shear stress levels. Cells are stained for F‐actin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (B) Representative Live/Dead fluorescence images showing time‐dependent viability and proliferation of chondrocytes cultured under dynamic conditions on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 (control), compared with IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures on day 21 (1 and 10 ng/ml, applied from day 15 to day 21). Control cultures show progressive formation of compact microtissue‐like aggregates (white arrows), whereas IL‑1β stimulation results in disrupted aggregates (yellow arrows). Green: calcein‐AM (live cells); red: ethidium homodimer‐1 (dead cells). (C) Representative z‐projection immunofluorescence images of ECM marker expression in region I after 21 days of culture, comparing control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples. Images show merged fluorescence channels for collagen type II (green), aggrecan (red), and nuclei (DAPI, blue). (D–E) Quantification of corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) for collagen type II (D) and aggrecan (E) across regions I–III for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated cultures at day 21 (n = 44 cells per group). (F) Cell metabolic activity measured using a PrestoBlue assay for control and IL‑1β‐stimulated samples at day 21 ( n = 5 independent samples per group). (G–H) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in culture supernatant collected at day 21 using multiplex ELISA, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13) and cytokines (IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8) ( n = 3 independent samples per group). Values below the lower limit of quantification are indicated as

    Article Snippet: Chondrocyte growth medium (HC Growth Medium, Cell Applications, cat. no. 411‐500) DPBS (sterile, Gibco, cat. no. 14190144) Recombinant IL‐1β (R&D Systems, cat. no. 201‐LB‐025) (separately at −20°C) Live/Dead Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit containing calcein‐AM and ethidium homodimer 1 (EthD‐1) (Invitrogen, cat. no. LS224) PrestoBlue Cell Viability Reagent (Invitrogen, cat. no. A13261) 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in DPBS (Thermo Scientific, cat. no. J61899.AP) Normal donkey serum Bovine serum albumin (BSA) Triton X‐100 Tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)‐phalloidin staining (EMD Millipore/Merck, cat. no. 90228) Mouse anti‐Collagen II antibody (NB600‐844, Novus Biologicals) Goat anti‐Aggrecan antibody (AF1220, R&D Systems) Rabbit anti‐Mouse IgG (H+L), FITC‐conjugated secondary antibody (NB7543, Novus Biologicals) Donkey anti‐Goat IgG (H+L), Northern Lights 557 (NL557)‐conjugated secondary antibody (NL001, R&D Systems) 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) Solution (Novus Biologicals, Bio‐Techne, cat. no. NBP2‐31156) Q‐Plex Human MMP 6 Plex kit (340949HU, Quansys Biosciences) Q‐Plex Human Custom Cytokine Plex kit (107749GR, Quansys Biosciences) Human collagen type II alpha 1 ELISA kit (BSKH63293, Bioss Antibodies) Pre‐established chondrocyte cultures generated using Basic Protocol Rocker platform (AKITA rocker, FinnAdvance or equivalent) CO incubator maintained at 37°C and 5% CO Class II biosafety cabinet Wide‐field fluorescence microscope (e.g., Leica DM4B or equivalent) equipped with blue/green and red/green excitation/emission filter sets.

    Techniques: Morphology, Expressing, Activity Assay, Fluorescence, Cell Culture, Shear, Staining, Control, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Prestoblue Assay, Multiplex Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Analysis, Comparison